Reading Time: 9 minutesQuestion 3048. The deity of Christ is often said to be a later invention, a doctrine bolted onto the memory of a humble rabbi by councils and emperors centuries after his death. You will hear it in university seminars, in bestselling novels and from courteous visitors at your door: Jesus himself, we are assured, never…
Reading Time: 6 minutesQuestion 3053. How is Jesus different from other religious leaders? It is one of the most common questions a thoughtful unbeliever asks, and it deserves a serious answer rather than a slogan. The world has produced many revered religious leaders: Moses and Muhammad, Buddha and Confucius, gurus and philosophers beyond counting. Popular culture likes to…
Reading Time: 6 minutesQuestion 3019. Did Jesus really rise from the dead in a bodily resurrection, or is this simply a comforting story the early church told itself? I want to take that question with complete seriousness, because Christianity stands or falls on the answer, and honest people deserve more than a demand that they simply believe. Let…
Reading Time: 6 minutesQuestion 3004. The deity of Jesus is the foundation Christianity stands or falls on. If Jesus is not God, Christianity collapses and we remain in our sins. If He truly is God, then His words carry final authority, His death has infinite value, and His promises are as certain as God’s own character. So what…
Reading Time: 9 minutesQuestion 2079. Pharaoh’s hardened heart troubles many readers of Exodus for a very understandable reason: if God hardened Pharaoh’s heart, how could Pharaoh be justly held responsible for refusing to let Israel go? This question sits at the intersection of divine action and human responsibility, and I want to walk through it honestly rather than…
Reading Time: 9 minutesQuestion 2075. The Canaanite conquest is the single hardest passage cluster in the Old Testament for most modern readers, the commands in Deuteronomy and Joshua to devote entire cities, men, women and children, to complete destruction. I will not soften this question or rush past it, because I think it deserves the same honesty I…
Reading Time: 9 minutesQuestion 2058. Middle knowledge, in Latin scientia media, is the theological concept sitting at the very centre of Molinism, the framework I looked at in a companion article on this site. Middle knowledge refers to God’s knowledge of what any free creature would do in any possible set of circumstances, including circumstances that never actually…
Reading Time: 6 minutesQuestion 2057. What Molinism teaches has attracted considerable attention among evangelical theologians over recent decades, and it deserves both a fair explanation and a careful assessment rather than a caricature in either direction. It is a framework developed to explain how God can know and providentially work through history with certainty while human beings retain…
Reading Time: 9 minutesQuestion 1163. The documentary hypothesis has dominated critical Old Testament scholarship for a century and a half, and I think the evidence uncovered since its heyday has quietly eaten away at its foundations far more than most textbooks admit. I want to walk through what the hypothesis actually claims, what the Dead Sea Scrolls and…
Reading Time: 6 minutesQuestion 01153. The Dead Sea Scrolls represent one of the single most important archaeological discoveries in the history of biblical studies, because they allowed scholars for the first time to compare our modern Old Testament text against manuscripts a thousand years older than anything previously available, and the results overwhelmingly vindicated the accuracy of the…